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REGBorneo_YearOfConversionIOPP_1973to2015_CIFOR (Map Service)


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Areas(in Ha)BorneoKalimantanSabahSarawakBrunei
Total land area73,719,01153,342,2257,396,62112,400,501579,664
Area of oil palm plantations in 20157,986,8174,840,5831,568,0771,577,479678
Total forest area converted to plantations within five years of clearance* (1973–2015)3,711,5111,577,672970,5061,162,658675
Total forest area cleared more than five years before plantations were established (1973–2015)1,576,3971,427,64851,72397,0260
Total forest area cleared within five years or between five and ten years before plantations were established229,299179,79019,52629,9830
Total forest area converted to plantations during 1973 – 20155,817,4453,473,4691,048,0271,295,274675
Total area of land lacking forest cover in 1973 and converted to plantations (1973–2015)1,689,2421,207,921206,124275,1943
Total scrub area (i.e. forests severely degraded by fire) converted to plantations (1973–2015)1,264,6761,227,91618,02918,7310

*This is the company-driven deforestation


Methods
We calculated the time that elapsed between deforestation and planting by taking the time difference between the year we declared the land Cleared/Deforested and the year we declared it Planted. The minimum time-delay was five years because our time-series was arranged in five-year increments. We defined Rapid Conversion areas where we observed planting to occur within five years of clearance.

We reasoned that, as a statistical generalisation, industrial plantations developed less than five years after forest clearance are likely to be responsible for that clearance (“harmful”). Conversely, we identified plantations established on land that has been free of forest for > 5 yrs, > 10 yrs, >15 yrs, or since 1973 (our baseline year), and postulated that the the longer the delay between forest loss and plantation development the more likely such plantings are actively avoiding direct deforestation (“benign”).

We underline that this will not be true in every case, and that this method may not attribute blame in all specific cases. A five-year interval is a pragmatic choice (and we also consider other intervals), we don’t expect a sharp threshold and accept ambiguity in individual cases.  We can imagine scenarios in which permission is granted to convert forest to plantations after which it may first be logged, and perhaps burned and degraded long in advance of any planting due to various planned or unplanned delays. If these patterns differ by region or period it would influence our comparisons.

Users should return to these caveats by reading this scientific publication: Gaveau et al. (2016) Rapid conversions and avoided deforestation: examining four decades of industrial plantation expansion in Borneo. Scientific Reports.



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Layers: Tables: Description:
Areas(in Ha)BorneoKalimantanSabahSarawakBrunei
Total land area73,719,01153,342,2257,396,62112,400,501579,664
Area of oil palm plantations in 20157,986,8174,840,5831,568,0771,577,479678
Total forest area converted to plantations within five years of clearance* (1973–2015)3,711,5111,577,672970,5061,162,658675
Total forest area cleared more than five years before plantations were established (1973–2015)1,576,3971,427,64851,72397,0260
Total forest area cleared within five years or between five and ten years before plantations were established229,299179,79019,52629,9830
Total forest area converted to plantations during 1973 – 20155,817,4453,473,4691,048,0271,295,274675
Total area of land lacking forest cover in 1973 and converted to plantations (1973–2015)1,689,2421,207,921206,124275,1943
Total scrub area (i.e. forests severely degraded by fire) converted to plantations (1973–2015)1,264,6761,227,91618,02918,7310

*This is the company-driven deforestation


Methods
We calculated the time that elapsed between deforestation and planting by taking the time difference between the year we declared the land Cleared/Deforested and the year we declared it Planted. The minimum time-delay was five years because our time-series was arranged in five-year increments. We defined Rapid Conversion areas where we observed planting to occur within five years of clearance.

We reasoned that, as a statistical generalisation, industrial plantations developed less than five years after forest clearance are likely to be responsible for that clearance (“harmful”). Conversely, we identified plantations established on land that has been free of forest for > 5 yrs, > 10 yrs, >15 yrs, or since 1973 (our baseline year), and postulated that the the longer the delay between forest loss and plantation development the more likely such plantings are actively avoiding direct deforestation (“benign”).

We underline that this will not be true in every case, and that this method may not attribute blame in all specific cases. A five-year interval is a pragmatic choice (and we also consider other intervals), we don’t expect a sharp threshold and accept ambiguity in individual cases.  We can imagine scenarios in which permission is granted to convert forest to plantations after which it may first be logged, and perhaps burned and degraded long in advance of any planting due to various planned or unplanned delays. If these patterns differ by region or period it would influence our comparisons.

Users should return to these caveats by reading this scientific publication: Gaveau et al. (2016) Rapid conversions and avoided deforestation: examining four decades of industrial plantation expansion in Borneo. Scientific Reports.



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